Revelation 14:9-11 - If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, the same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God

This web page examines the warning message in the Bible prophecy of Revelation Chapter 14, verses 9 to 11. The warning is about the image of the beast, the mark of the beast and the wrath of God.

Contents of this Web Page
Please note: To avoid misunderstandings and save time it is very important to initially read the
se sections in sequence. Thankyou.

1. The image of the beast

2. The Mark of the Beast

3. The Wrath of God

Footnotes

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Bible Prophecy
Revelation's Most Urgent Health Warning! 
STORY

You wake up to what appears to be a normal day. But when you turn on the radio and listen to the morning news you begin to feel uneasy. The bottom has dropped out of the world economy and hyper-inflation is occurring on a global scale. On the way home from work that day you get a shock when the evening newspaper costs twice as much as normal. The headline on the paper says "Worldwide Economic Emergency."
Prices of goods and services continue to rise alarmingly and a few days later a special news broadcast explains that the nation is converting to cashless transactions, using electronic funds transfers to manage the crisis. Everyone must buy and sell using plastic cards.
The next morning you receive a further shock. The worst earthquake on record has occurred at Tokyo, Japan. Huge Tsunamis have raked the surrounding coasts. The USA has pledged massive aid, but that afternoon you are further stunned to here that a similar disaster has hit California -- the big one. The next day a hurricane devastates much of Western Europe. To make things worse the economic crisis has sparked a number of desperate wars and there is a threat of nuclear weapons being used. Your mind is in a whirl. You feel desperate and despairing -- what is going on?

Then it happens. You see it on the TV screen. In earthquake torn LA a supernatural event occurs. From the sky comes a huge sparkling object resembling a classic UFO. It hovers above the rescue HQ that has been organising the rescue and relief operations. A beautiful being glowing with an unearthly glory -- more splendid than anything the onlookers have ever beheld -- appears and in a melodious voice addresses the astonished crowds: "I have come again. I have come to help you and give you hope and relief, peace and prosperity. Tomorrow I will help at Tokyo and also in Europe. On this day next week I will appear at Jerusalem to announce that my kingdom has come." Shortly after the glorious being departs a shout goes up that the telephone systems are working again. Soon it is realised that water supplies are operating normally and that food parcels have been found all over LA. During the week it is reported that similar things happened at Tokyo and in Europe.

The spectacular event happens in Jerusalem:
"The glory that surrounds him is unsurpassed by anything that mortal eyes have yet beheld. The shout of triumph rings out upon the air: ‘Christ has come! Christ has come!’ The people prostrate themselves in adoration before him, while he lifts up his hands and pronounces a blessing upon them, as Christ blessed His disciples when He was upon the earth. His voice is soft and subdued yet full of melody. In gentle, compassionate tones he presents some of the same gracious, heavenly truths, which the Saviour uttered, he heals the diseases of the people and then in his assumed character of Christ, he claims to have changed the Sabbath to Sunday, and commands all to hallow the day which he has blessed. He declares that those who persist in keeping holy the seventh day are blaspheming his name...this is the strong, almost overmastering delusion." He declares that the disasters have been due, in a large degree, to the desecration of Sunday and that they will continue until the observance of this day is strictly guarded and enforced. Those who are keeping the seventh-day Sabbath are dishonouring his name, he says, and must be convinced of their error.
A law is passed that all who would not pledge to keep holy Sunday were to have their money-cards vetoed, as were all those who professed to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. Then things get even worse…

The above is a hypothetical scenario based on Bible prophecies that you can read about on this web page. It is given to illustrate how easily the last end-time prophecies of Revelation Chapter 13 and 2Thessalonians Chapter 2 could be fulfilled. Please do not take it as being what will exactly happened. No doubt the end events will take many unexpected twists and we need to be open-minded. The main thing is to have a living, daily connection with Jesus and to walk in the light He has given and will give.
Jesus has warned us:
"But give attention to yourselves, for fear that your hearts become over-full of the pleasures of food and wine, and the cares of this life, and that day may come on you suddenly, and take you as in a net: For so it will come on all those who are living on the face of all the earth. But keep watch at all times with prayer…"
"Then if any man says to you, See, here is the Christ, or, Here; do not put faith in him; For there will come up false Christs, and false prophets, who will do great signs and wonders; so that if possible even the saints might be tricked." Luke 21:34-36, Mt. 24:23,24.BBE

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Revelation's Most Urgent Health Warning!
(Please initially read in sequence)

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1. Introduction
2. The everlasting gospel

3. Fear God & give glory to Him

4. The hour of His judgment

5. Worship Him that made...

6. Babylon is fallen

7. If any man worship the beast...

8. The patience of the saints

9.  Summary

Tell a friend about the warning


Appendices

1. More on the everlasting gospel

2. The day-for-a-year principle

3. Other expositors on Dan. 7

4. Prophecies of Dan. 7 fulfilled

5. Cleansing of the sanctuary

6. More on Revelation Chapter 17

7. What happens when you die?

8. Tips for health & Happiness
9. Bible Study on "Fear God"
10. Atheism, Islam, Spiritualism
11. Plucking up of the 3 Horns
12. Time Prophecies & Dan. 12
13. Genesis 1 & Evolution


Scripture

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Introduction to Daniel

Introduction to Revelation

Here is the full text of this fearful warning of Re. 14: 9-11:9 (emphasis supplied): 

9 "And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand,
10 The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb:
11 And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name."

 

What is the image of the beast, the mark of the beast, and the wrath of God? These will be discussed in order.

 

1. The image of the beast.

The image of the beast is outlined in Revelation chapter 13 verses 11 to 17:

11 And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.
12 And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.
13 And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men,
14 And [the land-beast] deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live.
15 And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.
16 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads:
17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.

The following characteristics are evident:

(a). The land-beast (Protestant USA -- see Babylon is fallen) leads out in its formation (vs. 14).

(b). It is an image to the sea-beast (The Papacy -- see Babylon is fallen) (vs. 14).

(c). It is a plan to cause "the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast [the Papacy], whose deadly wound was healed" (vs. 12) and therefore to worship "the dragon [Satan] which gave power unto the [first] beast" (Re. 13:4). So this is Satan's master plan to bring worship to himself as he has wanted to do from the time he first rebelled in heaven (Isaiah 14:13,14).

(d). It involves, at least eventually, the whole earth. He wants "All" to receive the mark, and "no man" is to buy or sell without it, or its equivalent  (vs. 16,17).

(e). The land-beast uses miraculous signs to deceive the people of the earth regarding the formation and worshiping of this image to the beast (Re. 13: 14; Re. 19: 20).

(f). The land-beast gives the image what is needed for it to persecute. That is, Protestant USA empowers it to speak and to persecute (vs. 15).  

(g). The image speaks - threatening death to all who do not worship it (vs. 15).

(h). The image is to be worshiped (vs. 15).

(i). It enforces the mark of the beast. This includes prohibiting those who don't have the mark from buying or selling (vs. 16, 17).

Also Revelation tells us:

(j). Those who worship this image are to receive the wrath of God and will have no rest (Re. 14: 9-11).

(k). Although it may seem that all will give in to the wishes of this image (Re. 13:16,17), not all will (Re. 20:4).

Re. 12: 17 mentions Satan's final war against God's people. In Revelation chapter 13 we have the description of this war. The tactics Satan uses are deception and persecution and his primary agents are the sea-beast, the land-beast and the image to the sea-beast. 

Chapter 13 emphasises the role of the USA in making an image to the sea-beast (Papacy).1  The USA also gives power to this image so that it can persecute (Re. 13:15). We need to remember that the Papacy is a church-state union. 2 This was especially evident in medieval times (during the dark ages of the 1260-year period). When the USA combines church with state to enforce religious decrees it will have made an image to the beast. The whole world will then follow Americas' lead.

Here would be a good place to discuss in more detail Satan's end-time deception. We have noted how the land-beast performs miraculous signs in order to deceive the people of the earth into worshiping the image to the beast. This land-beast, the false prophet, also deceives them into receiving the mark of the beast (Re. 19: 20; Re. 13: 13, 14). More details about this great deception (which occurs shortly before the second coming of Christ) are given in 2Th. 2: 8-12:

8 And then shall that Wicked [Gk. anomos, lawless one -- one who treads down God's law] be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming:
9 Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders,
10 And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved.
11 And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie:
12 That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness.

In this passage we are told that Satan's agent, the lawless one, is coming with all power, signs, and lying wonders (vs. 9). We are also told that the lawless one is destroyed at the coming of Christ (vs. 8).3 The word "coming" in both these verses is the same Greek word, parousia. In the New Testament this Greek word is used as a special term for the second coming of Christ.4  This strongly indicates that Satan's coming will, in some way, be a counterfeit of Christ's second coming. Here is the extremely subtle, worldwide deception that will lead the unprepared to make the wrong decisions in the end-time crisis.

How do you escape the deception? First, you need to have Christ abiding in your heart (see The everlasting gospel). Second, you need to ask God to give you "the love of the truth" (2Th. 2: 10). Third, you need to know your Bible and especially the Bible truths discussed in this Most Urgent Health Warning. Fourth, you must not place your faith or decisions on miracles or signs -- what you see -- but upon the word of God. I would strongly urge you to study carefully Deuteronomy 13: 1-3 and Matthew 7:13-29 while keeping in mind the designation given by Revelation to the USA with its fallen Protestantism -- the false prophet (see also Is. 8:19,20; Mt. 4:4; 2Co. 5:7; Heb. 11:1). You should also be aware of the manner of Christ's return so that you will better be able to detect the false "return". When Christ comes the whole sky will be affected, there will be an enormous worldwide earthquake and the world will be enveloped in fire (Re. 6:14-17; 2Pe. 3:10). The dead in Christ of all ages will be resurrected (1Th. 4:16) and the living saints will be transformed and rise with them to meet Christ in the air -- Christ does not touch the earth itself (1Th. 4:17). Christ will take his people to heaven (Jn. 14:3) where they spend a thousand years (Re. 20:4). 5

2. The mark of the beast.

Things to remember in identifying this mark:

(a). Revelation is to be taken symbolically unless the context clearly indicates otherwise (Re. 1: 1 -- the book is a "signified" book).

(b). It is the mark of the sea-beast (Papacy) Re.19: 20, 20: 4.6

(c). The land-beast performs miraculous signs to deceive those who receive it (Re. 19: 20).

(d). The image to the beast enforces it (Re. 13: 15,16).

(e). The mark is placed on the right hand or on the forehead (Re. 13: 16). This must symbolise (see point "a" above) either unwilling or willing obedience to getting the mark. Some receive the mark from convenience and get it on the hand; others are an intelligent party to the plan and receive it in the forehead.

(f). No one can buy or sell unless he has the mark (or the name of the beast or number of his name). Re. 13: 17.

(g). Those who receive this mark receive the wrath of God (Re. 14: 9,10).

(h). It is contrasted with the Father's name written on the foreheads of God's faithful people (Re. 14: 1 cf. 13: 16). This name of the Father is equivalent to the seal of God (Re. 7:2-4).

(i). Those who receive the mark of the beast are set in contrast to those who keep the commandments of God (Re. 12: 17; 14: 1-5,12 cf. chapter 13).

So what exactly is this mark? Since those who receive the mark of the beast are contrasted with those who keep the commandments of God, we should look for something that is a violation or counterfeit of God’s commandments. This is supported by Deuteronomy 6:8, which explains that God’s commandments should be bound "for a sign upon thine hand" and "as frontlets between thine eyes". If the divine commandments are here described as being upon the hands and foreheads of God’s true people, then we can expect a counterfeit commandment, or set of commandments, to be what gets enforced upon the hands and foreheads of the beast’s followers. As we have noted before, in Revelation 13 the sea-beast is portrayed as counterfeiting or rebelling against the first four of the Ten Commandments. When we read Revelation 13 it is easy to see how the first three of the Ten Commandments are being counterfeited or transgressed. But what about the Fourth Commandment, where is the sea-beast’s counterfeit of this precept? We find it in the mark. The fact that the mark of the beast is a counterfeit of the Fourth Commandment is supported by the observation that in Revelation the commandment-keepers who refuse to worship the beast are characterized especially by the observance of the seventh-day Sabbath (Revelation 12:17; 14:7, 12). These commandment-keepers are sealed on the forehead (Revelation 7:3 c.f. 14:1, Ezekiel 9:4) and the Sabbath is described in the Bible as a sign (Exodus 31:13; Ezekiel 20:12) or seal.7 Thus the beast has its mark, a counterfeit of the Sabbath precept, and God has His seal, the seventh-day Sabbath.

But it goes deeper than mere outward compliance with the Fourth Commandment or its counterfeit. Those who are sealed by God have His name written on them. In like manner, those who receive the mark of the beast are receiving "the mark of his name" (Revelation 14:11). God’s name in the Bible is associated with His character (Ex. 34 6,7). Those who receive His seal and name are therefore like Him in character. Likewise, we can safely say that those who receive the mark of the beast will have characters like their master. Thus, both the seal of God and the mark of the beast are outward signs of deeper, personal issues, namely, character and ownership. Those who belong to God keep His Sabbath and are, on account of Christ, like Him in character. Those who belong to the beast keep its counterfeit of the Sabbath and are like the beast in character.

Let us now consider Sunday. We have established that the mark is the sea-beast’s (Papacy’s) counterfeit of the Fourth Commandment. Is Sunday observance also a counterfeit of the Fourth Commandment, and if so, is it the same thing as the mark? The observance of Sunday has been cited by Roman Catholic authorities as evidence that Protestants are unwittingly obeying the authority of the Papacy. As the Roman Catholic writer Canon Cafferata says, "Protestants who say that they go by the Bible and Bible only, and that they do not believe anything that is not in the Bible, must be rather puzzled by the keeping of Sunday when God distinctly said, ‘Keep holy the Sabbath Day.’ The word Sunday does not come anywhere in the Bible, so, without knowing it, they are obeying the authority of the Catholic Church"8 (see also Appendix Four). It is a witness to the Papacy’s authority that in the majority of the world’s nations the public recognizes Sunday as "the" weekly religious day for rest and worship. In view of the above, we can confidently say that the Papacy’s declaration that people should observe Sunday as a religious holiday is a counterfeit of the Fourth Commandment.

If Sunday observance is a Papal counterfeit of the seventh-day Sabbath, is it also the mark of the beast? It is obvious from what we have discussed so far that Sunday-keeping is closely associated with the mark of the beast. Both the mark of the beast and Sunday observance are a counterfeit of the Sabbath precept and both come from the Papacy. However, it is not quite that simple. Those who keep Sunday now cannot have the mark yet (Sept 2003) because the image to the beast that "causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive" the "mark" (Revelation 13:16) has not yet appeared. Also the message of Revelation 14:6-12, enlightening the world regarding the obligation of the Fourth Commandment and warning people against receiving the mark, has not yet been given extensively enough. People who conscientiously keep Sunday without knowing that it is a falsehood cannot be held guilty. However, if they are enlightened concerning the issues and yet persist in observing Sunday, while neglecting the seventh-day Sabbath, they will incur guilt. When Sunday-keeping is enforced by the image to the beast, those who have been enlightened regarding the obligations of the true Sabbath, and yet continue to reverence Sunday, will receive the mark the beast.9

The fact that when this mark is enforced no one will be able buy or sell unless they have it (or the name of the beast or the number of "his name", Revelation 13:17) indicates that some mechanism will be put in place by the authorities to differentiate between those who are Sabbath-keepers and those who have the mark. What this mechanism will be is difficult to say and we must be careful not to speculate. However, it is clear that those who are faithful in keeping God’s Sabbath will be singled out, and will suffer persecution for their faith. But they need not fear because God will sustain and help them.

The enforcement of the mark of the beast is the infringement of your civil liberties and the trampling of your rights of conscience referred to at the beginning (homepage) of this web site (see Home Page). As you can see, it happens in a most unusual manner. And as I said at the beginning of this web site, you will not be exempt.

The enforcement of the mark of the beast is the global crisis that will force you to make a decision about whom you will worship. Some will make a decision purely on the basis of convenience (they get the mark on the hand). But which decision you make will dramatically affect your health and life.

It is worth noting here that observing the change in the day of worship from Sabbath to Sunday is cited by Roman Catholic authors as obeying the authority of their church (see Appendix Four- Prophecies of Daniel Chapter 7 fulfilled for an example of this).

3. The wrath of God.

The third angels' message must be the most fearful warning given in the whole Bible. It is a warning against receiving the wrath of God. In the book of Revelation the wrath of God is particularly revealed in the seven bowls of God's wrath described in chapter 16. Here those who make the wrong decision in the time of crisis are described as getting "a noisome [injurious] and grievous [bad, diseased] sore" and "they gnawed their tongues for pain". Also drinking water becomes filthy, they are scorched by the sun, and suffer from an enormous earthquake and hailstorm.10  Worse than this, according to Re. 14:10 and Re. 20:15 they end up suffering in the lake of fire. These are the ones who have "no rest day nor night".11 It is not popular in today's world to talk or write about this subject. The emphasis seems to be all on tolerance and what might be called unholy spiritual love. True love is prepared to rebuke and discipline (Re. 3: 19; Heb. 12: 5-11). God gives this warning in Re. 14: 9-11 in love and concern. In a sense God is simply letting these people reap what they have sown. Plant the seeds of a poisonous weed like deadly nightshade and what do you get? Deadly nightshade plants. And then if you eat enough of the plant what happens? You suffer and you die. Just so the Bible says "sin, when it is of full growth, gives birth to death." (James. 1:15, BBE).

For centuries and for ages God has been merciful towards the apostate powers of this world. His light and truth has been plainly revealed in the Bible and in creation. However, He has an infinite hatred towards sin. His justice demands that every wrong and every sin receive its penalty. There is a limit to His mercy. Soon the accumulated sins of the apostate powers will "have reached unto heaven". Soon it will be declared "God hath remembered her iniquities" (Re. 18: 5). All who do not separate from her communion when God calls them to come out will be "partakers of her sins" and will "receive…of her plagues". (Re. 18: 4). All who receive the mark of the beast -- including so-called Atheists and secular people -- will suffer God's wrath against sin.

We need to understand that God is infinitely holy and that He will not tolerate sin (the cause of all misery and suffering) indefinitely. He is coming to this planet to clean it up from sin and usher in an eternity of perfect health and happiness. All who have not been separated from the dominion of sin through Jesus Christ will, at Christ's coming, inevitably be consumed with their sins (2Th.1: 8; Heb.12: 29; 2Pe. 3: 10,11). This is why we need to accept the everlasting gospel. This gospel is the only means of being healed, transformed and set free from the dominion of sin. Jesus has, at infinite cost on the cross, willingly paid for our sins. Our Heavenly Father allowed His own wrath against sin to fall upon His beloved Son because He loves us and wants us to avoid suffering His wrath. But if we continue to cling to our sins, refuse His offer of mercy, and join with the apostate powers warring against His holy law, we will receive His wrath against sin. We will be involved in the worst health disaster of the world. Please heed this most urgent health warning -- today -- before it is too late. How do we heed the warning? By fully entering into the experience of the everlasting gospel, coming out of any false beliefs or fallen organisations we have been involved in, and by embracing the truths revealed in Re. 14: 6-12.

This is how to be prepared for the end-time crisis. This is how to cope with the infringement of your civil rights. These are the right decisions to make in order to escape the health disaster.


Footnotes

1.  The vision of Revelation chapters 17 and 18 looks at the final events from a different angle than that of Revelation chapter 13. Revelation 17 and 18 focuses on a confederacy of false religious powers that will combine with, and control, a confederacy of political powers (with the Papacy being the key player) to war against Christ and His people. It describes the call to God's people to come out of this confederacy before it is judged.

2.  "The word papacy is of medieval origin... In its primary usage it denotes the office of the pope (of Rome) and, hence, the system of ecclesiastical and temporal government over which he directly presides." Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Art. Roman Catholicism, The papacy, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1994-2000, emphasis supplied.

3.  It is worth noting that the New Testament no-where speaks of two returns of Christ, as in the so-called "secret rapture" theory. The only place where two end-time comings (parousia) are referred to is here in Second Thessalonians. The frightening thing is that the first coming here is Satan's counterfeit. Thus, those who believe in the secret rapture or similar theories are setting themselves up to be deceived.

4.  Eg. Mt. 24: 27, 37; 1Co. 15: 23; 1Th. 2: 19; 2 Pe. 1: 16.

5. During the thousand years (millennium) the Earth, scorched and battered by the fire and earthquake at Christ's coming will be a desolate wilderness (Je. 4:23-26) inhabited only by Satan and his evil angels (Re. 20:1,2). The wicked are all dead -- awaiting the resurrection and punishment at the end of the thousand years when judgment will be executed upon them (Re. 20: 5a. Note: the last sentence of this verse is a parenthesis. It relates to verse 4. In the NIV it is correctly bracketed; Re. 20:11-15). At the end of the millennium Christ and his people descend from heaven with the New Jerusalem (Re. 21: 2,10; Zech. 14:4; Jude 14,15). At that time the wicked are raised and Satan gathers them to make one last desperate attack on God. But God's enemies are destroyed by fire and henceforth no longer exist (Re.20:7-9; Obad. 15-18; Is. 41: 11, 12; Ps. 9: 5,6; 37: 9, 10, 20; 2Pe.2:17). For more details about death, resurrection and the fate of the righteous and wicked please see Appendix Seven- What happens when you die?).

6.  "The beast" in these passages is the sea-beast. See B. The Beast in 6. Revelation 14:8 - Babylon is fallen

7. The Sabbath commandment is written or expressed in terms of a seal -- giving God's name, title and dominion. Please see Romans 4:11 where the words "sign" and "seal" are used synonymously.

8. Canon Cafferata, The Catechism Simply Explained, London, Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd., 1922, 1948, p 89, emphasis in original.

9.  It is when somebody reverences Sunday, in obedience to legislation, and in the knowledge of God's claims about the true Sabbath, that they are in danger of receiving the mark of the beast. When the matter is not a legislative issue and people keep Sunday in sincerity, not knowing the facts about the true day of worship, they do not have the mark of the beast.

10. I believe that  the first four and the seventh plagues are best understood as being essentially literal rather than symbolic. 

11. Re. 14:9. Only Jesus can give true rest (Mt. 11:28-30) and these people have turned away from Him.


David Bird compiled the web site. Copyright © 2000, David Bird. Web site address: http://www.lis.net.au/~dbird/  

Visitors to this web site are most welcome to contact David Bird at dbird@lis.net.au with questions, criticisms or suggestions -- or if you believe you've found a mistake (e.g. in a Bible reference). I am a fellow pilgrim in need of God's grace like anyone else. A reply will be sent as soon as practical, but may take a few days.

The contents of this web page may be freely copied and distributed on the condition that it is copied and distributed in its entirety (space images may be omitted). Please ask if you want to just use a part of it.


Image from STScI 

 

 

"The heavens declare the glory of God ; and the firmament sheweth His handiwork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. There is no speech nor language, where..." (Ps. 19:1-3) 

For the next image or photograph please see Revelation 14:12 -- The patience of the saints

Image from STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD)


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